This species is both a diurnal and nocturnal feeder (del Hoyo et al. 1986) in staging areas in their arctic breeding range before moving to wintering grounds (del Hoyo et al.
Adults typically moult in large flocks (Hayman et al. The species breeds in dispersed pairs and is often seen singly, although it is also common in parties of up to 20 and exceptionally over 100 (Urban et al. Few birds remain in the tropics during the breeding season, but non-breeders may spend the summer just south of the breeding grounds (del Hoyo et al. 1996), and returning to arctic breeding grounds between late-April and mid-May (del Hoyo et al. 1986), the species being present throughout the tropics mainly between October and April (del Hoyo et al. Arrival in Africa begins in August and peaks in October (Hayman et al. Mali, Nigeria and Chad (Smit and Piersma 1989)) also cross the Sahara (del Hoyo et al. 1996), those birds wintering in Sahel and northern savanna zones (e.g. The movements of this species are characterised by long flights between staging areas (such as the Wadden Sea, Dutch delta region, southern Hungary, south-east Greece, central Turkey, the Black and Caspian Seas, central Kazakhstan, Lake Baikal, Chang Lake (Ussuriland), central Yakutia, Sakhalin, Japan and Korea) (del Hoyo et al. Females begin to moving south in early-June, the males following during July, and juveniles migrating from August to September (del Hoyo et al. On passage to its wintering grounds the majority of the species travels overland on a broad front, although there is also an important route down the west coast of Europe (Smit and Piersma 1989, del Hoyo et al. 1996), breeding in the subarctic and arctic zone of Fennoscandia and Siberia (Smit and Piersma 1989). 1986, Smit and Piersma 1989, del Hoyo et al. Behaviour This species is a full migrant (Hayman et al.
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